Considering Thérèse as a Criminal - Literature Essay Samples

Whether Mauriac presents Therese Desqueroux to the reader as a criminal, must provoke the exploration of whether she is responsible, both morally and self-consciously, for her actions in committing that crime. There are instances in the novel, not just associated with Therese, where we see characters who do have control over their actions or at least claim that every action derives from a reason, like Bernard, and those instances where it is implied, and the reader is led to infer, that Therese is lost and ambivalent as to why she attempted to poison Bernard. On the one hand, Therese is surrounded by Bernard, who is conditioned by his setting and class to believing there are rigid ways of living and thinking, and who, because of this, believes everyone should easily explain their actions, and thus Therese should simply confess her reasoning, and live as a criminal. On top of this, Therese is perceived as at times appearing cruel to Bernard, calculating, and fascinated with the poisoning. However, Therese is perhaps presented as pitiable and innocent when she cannot find a reason for her actions, proving herself to be a complicated character amidst simplistic Bourgeois society, in which she is merely subject to a series of random events. Therese could be considered as a criminal due to the contrast other characters make with her concerning the way in which she views self-understanding and autonomy. Bernard, in particular, believes that everything that happens is linked with the person who committed that action, and thus people must have motives. He comments that â€Å"on n’est jamais malheureux que par sa faute† (â€Å"one is never unhappy except by one’s own fault†) when referencing the reason as to why Therese and Bernard married; he believes that because of certain factors, in this case their wealth and pines, means that the resultant action happened. Thus this angles towards the concept that Therese must have a malicious reason for her actions against Therese, rendering her a criminal. Bernard also always acts impulsively and finds a quick cause of action knowing that the reason for his perhaps dubiously moral and antagonistic acts, are always focussed on the interest of maintaining an image, like when he says â€Å"il sait toujours, en toute circonstance, ce qu’il convient de faire dans l’interet de la famille† (â€Å"he always knows, in all circumstances, what should be done in the interest of the family ) after he abuses Anne and locks her away for having a fleeting relationship with Jean Azevedo. Here, we see Bernard, much like Therese, showing hostility, yet knowing a reason for it and thus condoning the perspective of Therese as a criminal since she must have a motive. Interestingly, the existentialist-esque Jean Azevedo supports this concept of ‘explanation for action’ with his philosophy of life which is â€Å"chaque minute doit apporter sa joie† (â€Å"each minute must bring one’s joy†). The fact that Jean does everything which the desired outcome to be joy and happiness for example when he seeks the transient relationship with Anne for pleasure, like how Bernard has it for protection of his family honor, surely condemns Therese even more as a criminal as she struggles to even come up with a reason for her acts. Whereas Jean and Bernard have reasons for their actions in life which might exonerate perhaps immoral or promiscuous behavior, Therese is left with the void of an inability to explain herself. Equally, Therese is portrayed as having a fascination with the concept of poisoning her husband, as well as being presented as a woman of intelligence, with a calculating nature, which could lead towards the idea of a cognitive, measured approach to the poisoning of Bernard. Indeed, when she first sees Bernard accidentally put too many arsenic drops in his water on the day of the forest fire, she then continues to add them for him and describes it as a â€Å"tentation horrible† (â€Å"Horrible temptation†), which presents the reader with a psychopathic sense of addiction and allure which helps present Therese in a bad light as criminal. Mauriac writes that â€Å"lintelligence de Thà ©rà ¨se à ©tait fameuse† (â€Å"the intelligence of Therese was famous†) and Bernard feels threatened that his future wife will be more intelligent than him, and this constructs the depiction of her as being situationally calculating and conceptually curious; perhaps a reaso n for her poisoning? She mocks Bernard, showing a cruelness and an underlying side of hatred in her, when he worries about his health due to the history his family has, â€Å"mais il nest pas malade: on prend seulement des prà ©cautions, à   cause dà ¨s malheurs quil y a eu dans sa famille† (â€Å"but he is not ill: we are only taking precautions because of the illnesses that there were in his family†), and this playing on his hypochondria could mean that she is perceived as being unsympathetic, and worthy of being condemned. Yet, we must not forget that Mauriac depicts Therese as a woman with different objectives in life to those of the people who she is surrounded by and the society within which she lives, and therefore can a woman, out of place, condemned to life of monotony and indifference, be found culpable for the actions which perhaps the condition of her setting and the people she is amongst have forced her to do? Mauriac in his epigraph indicates that Therese is very different to normal humans and the way they approach life, â€Å"Seigneur, ayez pitià ©, ayez pitià © des fous et des folles!† (â€Å"Lord, have mercy, have pity on madmen and fools†) , and this, taken from a Baudelaire poem, highlights a sense of the reader needing to forgive and pity a woman for her actions and not condemn them just because she contests the expectations made of women. Mauriac also references â€Å"Sainte Locuste† (â€Å"Saint Locust†) a woman who was a renowned poisoner in Neroâ€℠¢s court, yet was made a Sainte, highlighting Mauriac’s own sentimentalities that although Therese committed the act of poisoning, she should not be condemned as she did it out of her differences to the community, as she is arguably not socially engineered like when she shows a lack of interest in wanting to build a bond with her baby, and it is her differences that we should celebrate. She implicitly shows these differences to societal form when, towards the end of the novel in Paris, Bernard asks her to confess to the reason as to why she poisoned him since he believes â€Å"naturellement a cause des pins† (â€Å"naturally because of the pines†) in his rigid, customary thought process, and she replies, â€Å"Un homme comme vous, Bernard, connaà ®t toujours toutes les raisons de ses actes† (â€Å"A man like you, Bernard, always knows all the reasons for his actions†) which has the connotation of him blindly conforming to the prescribed precepts, and only Therese can see that this is all the Bourgeois society in Argelouse do. This recognition of the differences and the resultant dissociation strengthens the argument that she could be aquitted as a criminal as she poisoned Bernard as she felt entrapped within a society and a place which she is adverse to. Her description of Bernard as a simplistic man (â€Å"la race implacable des simple s† (â€Å"the relentless race of simple beings†)) further develops our sense that she is distant in character and intelligence, which could lead us to exonerating her as a criminal as we sympathize with her desire to escape the consecrated, life-time incarceration in Argelouse, to the liberty of Paris, as she describes it at the end of the novel, â€Å"la foule des hommes aprà ¨s la foule des arbres† (â€Å"the crowd of men after the crowd of trees†). Indeed the reclusive, restrictive surroundings of Argelouse might help exonerate her from her criminality, since she despises the fact that â€Å"Argelouse est rà ©ellement une extrà ©mità © de la terre† (â€Å"Argelouse really is an extremity of the earth†), and the symbol of the pines come to stand as the bars for her prison. Indeed, when it rains, the droplets resemble â€Å"ses millions de barreaux mouvants† (â€Å"millions of moving bars†), and all her surroundings come to stand for something she wishes to flee from; that brings on her melancholy. Therese falls victim arguably to the representation as a passive agent, subject to a series of random circumstances for which she cannot be blamed, like when on the day of the forest fire, tempers and stress levels are high with Bernard, and â€Å"Elle ne se souvient daucun incident, daucune dispute† (â€Å"She does not remember any incident, any dispute†) as if there was no particular reason for her to start poisoning Bernard, but that it was a series of providential moments out of her control which lead to it. Furthermore, the fact that Therese, on several occasions, attempts to formulate a reason as to why she poisoned Bernard, yet finds nothing tangible or even convincing, perhaps makes her appear more pitiable as a lost figure and thus less villainous as she meant no malice or vindictive outcome. When she is on her way back from the trial and thinks about what she will to say to Bernard, she thinks â€Å"rien a dire pour sa defense† (â€Å"nothing to say for her defense†) as if to reveal the fact she has no motive, thus strangely rendering her innocent. Mauriac presents the crime of poisoning Bernard as almost innate within Therese, when, sitting at a hot lunch, he comments â€Å"l’acte qui†¦Ãƒ ©tait dà ©jà   en elle à   son insu† (â€Å"The act that was already in her without her knowledge†), to convey the feeling that it is an inescapable, irreversible part of her that she has to accept, yet perhaps fails to acknowledge, which leads her to t he conclusion that â€Å"Moi, je ne connais pas mes crimes† (â€Å"Me, I did not understand my crimes†). The fact that Therese committed the poisoning is certain, but the way she is presented to us as a criminal, as to whether she should be pitied or despised, is at times ambiguous. The tone of Mauriac persuades us to acknowledge her as a pitiable figure, who perhaps is more innocent and less of a criminal, who seeks implicitly the idea of redemption, like when she says she might have gone back with Bernard if he had forgiven her. Indeed, we see her manipulative, calculating intelligence at work, and her mockery of her husband, yet we see far more brutal actions from the Bourgeois conformist Bernard, which are arguably more criminal. And thus it is the crux of the argument that Therese is a woman of a different breed to the society she is suffocated by: she has different interests, a higher intellectual ability, and a curiosity to explore unknown paths. I feel it is this that ultimately renders her act as a mistake rather than a crime, as it was due to something innate within her, a des ire to explore, which the others do not possess, yet neither she nor Argelouse recognize as the reason for her acts which is the greater tragedy.

Abraham Lincoln Was Destined For Greatness - 757 Words

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Personal Statement The Hospitality Industry - 1394 Words

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New Mega-Agreements that Promote the Wrong - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the New Mega-Agreements that Promote the Wrong. Answer: Introduction The president of China, Xi Jinping, took the initiative of the One Belt One Road (OBOR) in 2013. This initiative was taken by the President when he visited to Kazakhstan and Indonesia in 2013 (Lim 2015). There, he announced about the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road initiatives. These two initiatives are known as OBOR. In China, this became an important foreign policy from different aspects. Moreover, this foreign policy helps China to promote economic cooperation with different countries along a road rout. Singapore has a very small boundary. However, the economic condition of this state is very advanced, compare to other countries of the Southeast Asia (Zhang and Xu 2017). The state has tried to adopt different strategic planning. This is because Singapore has understood that they can only survive if they can balance between West and China. The state has identified since the beginning of 1980s that the economy of China will grow significantly. They can understand that this belt, road initiatives (BRI) will bring positive impact n the economy of Singapore. This OBOR initiative has provided various opportunities for Singapore. As a result, Singapore warmly accepts this initiative. The state remains an early and strong supporter of OBOR, from the beginning. One belt One Route helps both countries to increase their international trade with each other. Chinas 30% BRIs are in Singapore. The state can play an important role in three chief areas for OBOR. These are financial connectivity, inf rastructural connectivity and third-party collaboration. The capabilities of Singapore companies to capture this opportunity: Different companies of China are expanding their business in Singapore. However, companies of Singapore can also give complement to those Chinese companies by giving proper market knowledge and track record. This helps both counties to explore various opportunities to collaborate mutually. Infrastructure In Southeast Asia, Singapore is a chief country with a great economical position to be an infrastructural hub. It has large group of companies, which are involved in different dimensions of infrastructural development. The state is also a leading business centre as it has large number of financial institutions and specialists. Those financial institutions and specialists are expert to undertake various projects of infrastructure to structure and finance. Hence, Singapore is well-known and well-placed state to continue a successful relation with BRI of China. Singapore also gets benefits from the OBOR initiative of China. As Singapore has an excellent infrastructure and capability in the logistic industry, it helps its neighbor countries to develop their logistic infrastructure and trading (Yu 2017). Moreover, the OBOR gives advantages to develop infrastructure in Singapore. To capture infrastructural opportunities of OBOR of China, International Enterprise Singapore has signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Chinas local branch of Industrial and Commercial Bank (ICBC). According to this MOU, ICBC will provide financial services and structures of projects to support enterprises of Singapore. To implement these initiatives, ICBC establishes a Singapore team with the turnaround time. This expects to shorten the loans. Connectivity Singapore possesses a well-developed transport network. As the state has some advantage related to its geographical location, Singapore is one of the top transportation hubs in the world for air and sea cargo. Container ports of this country are one of the busiest ports in the world. Changi international Airport of Singapore is linked with around 330 cities of 80 countries. Companies can move fright and services by land, telecommunication and air linkages, all over the world. Currently, this republic has the most powerful network of free trade agreements in Asia. Moreover, Singapore supports OBOR to develop railways, ports and bridges to increase trade and connectivity with Asia and Europe. This economy is going to experience a great infrastructure and planning projects from China. Trade routes will be created as new roads and ports are built around Singapore (Yu 2017). According to the President of China, the Belt and Road initiatives is a difficult plan to connect China with Asia and Europe through land and sea. OBOR has taken initiative to develop ports of Singapore. Hence, with these initiatives, the country has developed its portal system to compete with other countries. However, as different countries are taking OBOR initiatives, there is a great chance to exist other ports. This will negatively affect Singapores ports. Hence, this will adversely affect the trade line of Singapore. Financial Services and trade Singapore is one of the best premier financial centers in the world. It has a strong network of financial institutions with best governance (Kelsey 2017). Moreover, this state is also the home country for a critical mass of international banks. Those international banks have capabilities to finance project. At present, financial transactions of 60% project of ASEAN are led by banks of Singapore. As the state is growing up as an international center of finance, Singapore is the second largest offshore of China, at present. It offshore Chinese Renminbi (RMB) centers of China. Singapore has the ideal position to trade mre RMB products and investment related flows. This OBOR initiative also helps to increase various opportunities for professional services companies in Singapore. Moreover, this initiative helps Singapore to increase and to distribute equity and debt capital to increase investment around the region. Fig 1: Economic Belt of Silk Route Source: (Peng et al. 2016) The possible challengers ahead facing by Singapore companies: The partnership of Singapore with China based on OBOR brings both challenges and opportunities. Competitive Singapore is aware about the opportunities and challenges that the country will face for OBOR. As OBOR builds new trade routes and with different countries, the number of strong competitors of Singapore is increasing. There are various countries that are looking to make a strong transshipment port, sea hub, air hub or financial hub for OBOR. This is because, OBOR promises to construct and develop roads, railways, industrial parks and ports with the trade routes (Johnson 2016). However, the country has self confident on its abilities to take those challenges. The country has already started to invest and expand their airlines and sea port. The capacity of those ports have made double for future. The country has also developed its position of digital hubs to compete with other countries. The republic has developed its science and technology policy. Due to lack of natural resources, this state strongly depends on the trade, education and technology. As political condition is good, it attracts various foreign companies to invest and work in Singapore. It helps this republic to build and develop knowledge hub. It develops strong technologies and sells those, all over the world. In this context, cutting-edge technology is important to discuss. This technology refers technological techniques and devices that employ high-level development. To make the manufacturing sector of Singapore competitive, the government of Singapore will invest in advanced production technologies. This will further encourage companies to develop. Politic risk Singapore is a well-regulated and well-developed country with a good legal system. The corruption level is also very low in this country. The competitive advantage of Singapore is chiefly depending on the Government of Singapore. Moreover, the government of this country is helpful to build international business in this country. Legal laws and political environment in Singapore attracts different foreign investors and multinational companies to expand their business. This stable political condition helps Singapore to develop its economic condition. Well-established macroeconomic policy is another important factor behind the economic success of this island. Its openness to global investment and trade and its efficient regulation encourage private sectors to become more competitive. Exchange rate risks As OBOR is operating trade between two countries, that is, China and Singapore, the exchange rate is very essential. As OBOR is initiating its business, different countries get chances to improve their business. However, exchange rate is an important factor in international trade that creates risk while trading with other countries. Hence, exchange rate is an important factor that can influence OBOR. Financing the projects Singapore can play an important role to help OBOR projects. The country provides various experts planning related to infrastructure. Different companies of Singapore make partnership with Chinese companies to invest in different parts of South-East Asia. However, Singapore is aware about the present competition as OBOR is making new infrastructure around Singapore. Corruption and poor governance Singapore captures the top rank in the world to compete with other countries. This republic has provided basic requirements infrastructure, macroeconomic factors, health and primary education and institutions. The corruption level is very low and the government of Singapore very efficient. Hence, this enhances the level of competition of Singapore. Impact of the maritime lanes Singapore has the leading maritime capital, worldwide. This includes terminal operates, shipping lines, marine insurance and banks, law firms and classification societies. The ship registry of this republic is one of the top 5 largest ship registries, all over the world. With a good business environment, efficient customs and stable government, Singapore is becoming competitive to trade with other countries. It is the maritime hub of Asia regarding law and arbitration. The governments support and assistance Governments and regulatory authorities have played an important role to help industries to evaluate investment opportunities. They also make the easy path for mutual co-operation with China and other economies related to OBOR route. To take the OBOR initiatives, the government of Singapore builds The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) proposes regulatory rules for fintech solutions. This will observe products or services that provide its customers under a structured space. Monitoring financing condition This One Belt, One Road initiatives of China has helped Singapore by providing investment opportunities in infrastructure projects for their companies. According to the International Enterprise Singapore (IE Singapore), the latest MOU brings more than $90 billion to finance for OBOR projects. The financial and professional services of China are expecting to provide a great assistant to those enterprises of Singapore. Those institutions are expecting to earn huge activities and prospects form different companies by financing. In Singapore, the economy is facing a regulated and transparent legal framework. The economy is indicating huge potential of growth. This is expected to incorporate. Singapore is attractive for various multinational companies. Hence, the company is expecting to have more foreign investors in the upcoming years as more and more companies of Singapore is getting benefits from OBOR. Strengthening RMB business hub Under the China-Singapore Free Trade Agreement, these two countries are increasing their financial services. The Peoples Bank of China (PBC) has appointed Singapores ICBC branch as the Renminbi (RMB) clearing bank of Singapore in 2013. Singapore is the largest offshore hub for RMB to trade outside Hong Kong. Singapore and China have agreed to start new initiatives to strengthen cooperation to develop and regulate financial sector. Co-chaired by Singapore Deputy Prime Minister, this agreement has reached at the 10th Joint Council for Bilateral Cooperation. This agreement has coordinated by Minister for Home Affairs and Minister of National Security and Chinas Peoples Republic Vice Premier of the State Council. China will increase its Renminbi Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor Program with on aggregate of RMB 50 billion in Singapore. This will allow qualified investors of Singapore to channel offshore RMB from Singapore to securities market of China. Recommendation: Singapore is getting good advantage through the OBOR initiatives. The country has good infrastructural system and a good communication to promote their business. However, more improvement is needed to increase their business. This is important for Singapore as there are all other countries that are developing their international business through OBOR. Singapore is politically stable economy and this helps foreign investors to invest and build multinational companies. However, the overall political environment should be stable to expand the business in Singapore. As OBOR is operating in this country, Singapore is expecting to increase its commercial and economic activities in future. As OBOR is operating in Singapore, more technological progress is needed. Other countries are also getting benefits through OBOR. They are also technologically efficient. Hence, the basic challenge of Singapore is to remain constantly upgrade and innovate different technologies to get advantages. The country should develop its importance ports so that they can achieve its full capacity to trade with other countries. In north Singapore, the traffic related to trade is expected to pass through ports. However, the number is decreasing significantly compare to all other countries. This spreads a serious problem for that country for its commercial, economical and industrial aspects. It creates constraint to achieve prosperity of the country. Conclusion The One Belt One Route of China helps Singapore to develop its infrastructure and business opportunities. Therefore, the country is developing its transport system to increase its trade with China. Moreover, the country is facing various competitions from different countries as those countries are also growing up their business strategy along the OBOR. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that with the initiatives of OBOR, the country has great advantage to promote their business in future. OBOR helps Singapore to promote its business as the country has already has various innovative technologies, good communication system and a good location. Companies of Singapore have developed various expertises across infrastructure value chain. This includes master planning, engineering decision, operations and procurement. As Chinese companies are expanding their business all over the world, the companies of Singapore can provide complement by giving track record and marketing strategies. This will help both countries to explore various opportunities to benefit both countries mutually. Referencing Johnson, C.K., 2016. President Xi Jinpings Belt and RoadInitiative. 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