AICPA Code of Conduct free essay sample

The AICPA, or the American Institute of CPAs, speaks to the bookkeeping experts in a few nations. Like some other calling, there are some ill defined situations that without rules could make a wreck. The AICPA has built up a code of expert direct which fills three primary needs: characterize obligation of bookkeeping experts, instruct the general population to secure the bookkeeping proficient, and teach people in general to ensure the general population. Duty The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct says that ensured open bookkeepers have duties to each and every individual who utilize their expert administrations. Except if you are a bookkeeping proficient, it is profoundly impossible that you know the entirety of the principles and guidelines that must be submitted to with regards to accounting, tax assessment and budgetary revealing. That’s what keeps the bookkeeping calling running; they are the specialists that the remainder of the world goes to for bookkeeping administrations. CPA’s must keep up a degree of duty and adhere to moral gauges when playing out these guidelines. We will compose a custom exposition test on AICPA Code of Conduct or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It is the bookkeeping professional’s obligation to make the wisest decision, in any event, when it’s not simply the mainstream vote to ensure and their customer. Government funded Education As referenced before, not everyone’s a bookkeeping master. The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct spreads out the rules and anticipated that direct for bookkeeping experts should follow. This helps with ensuring the general population by giving them assets and training to realize what's in store out of their bookkeeping proficient. The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct sets a standard for all bookkeeping experts to comply with. It is not necessarily the case that there are not a couple of screwy people despite everything out there, however trusting that all experts follow the code, the general population is in better hands. CPA Protection In conclusion, the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct helps with ensuring the bookkeeping experts. By spreading out the obligation, honesty and due consideration desires for all CPA’s, it helps the CPA in going to bat for what’s right. Circumstances may emerge where a customer endeavors to pay off or menace a bookkeeping proficient into â€Å"fibbing† on financials to make their business look better than it is. Be that as it may, if the bookkeeping proficient maintains the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct, and makes their customer mindful of it, they have sponsorship and backing for making the best choice. Shutting The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct fills 3 significant needs: characterize duty, instruct open, and ensure the expert. The AICPA is a gigantic association that contacts numerous individuals. The more people that are taught, the better possibility of moral business dynamic. References AICPA-standards of expert direct. (2013). Recovered from http://www.aicpa.org/Research/Standards/CodeofConduct/Pages/sec50.aspx

General Chemistry free essay sample

For an individual who gauges 100 pounds or increasingly, three critical figures are normally used to report the weight (given to the entire pound), despite the fact that individuals frequently round to the closest unit of 10, which may bring about announcing the weight with two huge figures (for instance, 170 pounds). 165 pounds adjusted to two huge figures would be accounted for as 1. 7 x 102 pounds. b. Copyright  © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights held. 4 c. Section 1: Chemistry and Measurement For instance, 165 lb burdened a scale that can quantify in 100-lb augmentations would be 200 lb. Utilizing the change factor 1 lb = 0. 536 kg, 165 lb is identical to 74. 8 kg. Along these lines, on a scale that can gauge in 50-kg increases, 165 lb would be 50 kg. 1. 3. a. b. c. d. In the event that your leg is roughly 32 inches in length, this would be identical to 0. 81 m, 8. 1 dm, or 81 cm. One story is around 10 feet, so three stories is 30 feet. This would be equal to around 9 m. Ordinary internal heat level is 98. 6 °F, or 37. 0 °C. Accordingly, if your internal heat level were 39 °C (102 °F), you would feel as though you had a moderate fever. Room temperature is roughly 72 °F, or 22 °C. In this way, on the off chance that you were sitting in a room at 23 °C (73 °F), you would be agreeable in a casual shirt. . 4. Gold is an inert substance, so looking at physical properties is most likely your best choice. In any case, shading is a physical property you can't depend on for this situation to find your solution. One analysis you could perform is to decide the densities of the metal and the lump of gold. You could gauge the mass of the piece on a parity and the volume of the chunk by water relocation. Utilizing this data, you could figure the thickness of the piece. Rehash the examination and counts for the example of gold. On the off chance that the piece is gold, the two densities ought to be approach and be 19. g/cm3. Likewise, you could decide the liquefying purposes of the metal and the lump of unadulterated gold. The two softening focuses ought to be the equivalent (1338 K) if the metal is gold.  ¦ ANSWERS TO SELF-ASSESSMENT AND REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. 1. One zone of innovation that science has changed is the attributes of materials. The liquidcrystal shows (LCDs) in gadgets, for example, watches, PDAs, PC screens, and TVs are materials made of atoms planned by physicists. Gadgets and correspondences have been changed by the improvement of optical filaments to supplant copper wires. In science, science has changed the manner in which researchers see life. Natural chemists have discovered that all types of life share a large number of similar atoms and sub-atomic procedures. 1. 2. A test is a perception of regular wonders did in a controlled way with the goal that the outcomes can be copied and sound ends got. A hypothesis is a tried clarification of fundamental regular wonders. They are connected in that a hypothesis depends on the aftereffects of numerous investigations and is productive in proposing other, new trials. Additionally, a trial can refute a hypothesis however can never demonstrate it totally. A speculation is a provisional clarification of some normality of nature. Copyright  © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights saved. Section 1: Chemistry and Measurement 5 1. 3. Rosenberg led controlled tests and noticed a fundamental relationship that could be expressed as a hypothesisâ€that seems to be, that specific platinum mixes hinder cell division. This drove him to do new trials on the anticancer action of these mixes. 1. 4. Matter is the general term for the material things around us. It is whatever consumes space and can be seen by our faculties. Mass is the amount of issue in a material. The distinction among mass and weight is that mass continues as before any place it is estimated, however weight is relative to the mass of the article isolated by the square of the separation between the focal point of mass of the item and that of the earth. 1. 5. The law of preservation of mass expresses that the complete mass stays consistent during a compound change (substance response). To show this law, place an example of wood in a fixed vessel with air, and gauge it. Warmth the vessel to consume the wood, and gauge the vessel after the analysis. The weight before the analysis and that after it ought to be the equivalent. 1. 6. Mercury metal, which is a fluid, responds with oxygen gas to shape strong mercury(II) oxide. The shading changes from that of metallic mercury (shimmering) to a shading that fluctuates from red to yellow contingent upon the molecule size of the oxide. 1. 7. Gases are effectively compressible and liquid. Fluids are moderately incompressible and liquid. Solids are moderately incompressible and unbending. 1. 8. A case of a substance is the component sodium. Among its physical properties: It is a strong, and it liquefies at 98 °C. Among its concoction properties: It responds vivaciously with water, and it consumes in chlorine gas to frame sodium chloride. 1. . A case of a component: sodium; of a compound: sodium chloride, or table salt; of a heterogeneous blend: salt and sugar; of a homogeneous blend: sodium chloride broke down in water to shape an answer. 1. 10. A glass of percolating carbonated refreshment with ice 3D shapes contains three stages: gas, fluid, and strong. 1. 11. A com pound might be disintegrated by substance responses into components. A component can't be deteriorated by any compound response. In this way, a compound can't likewise be a component regardless. 1. 12. The exactness alludes to the closeness of the arrangement of qualities acquired from indistinguishable estimations of an amount. The quantity of digits revealed for the estimation of a deliberate or determined amount (critical figures) shows the exactness of the worth. Copyright  © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights held. 6 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 1. 13. Increase and division rule: In playing out the estimation 100. 0 x 0. 0634 ? 25. 31, the adding machine show shows 0. 2504938. We would report the appropriate response as 0. 250 on the grounds that the factor 0. 0634 has minimal number of critical figures (three). Expansion and deduction rule: In playing out the count 184. 2 + 2. 324, the number cruncher show shows 186. 24. Since the amount 184. 2 has minimal number of decimal spots (one), the appropriate response is accounted for as 186. 5. 1. 14. An accurate number is a number that emerges when you check things or now and then when you characterize a unit. For instance, a foot is characterized to be 12 inches. A deliberate number is the aftereffect of a correlation of a physical amount with a fixed standard of estimation. For instance, a steel pole estimates 9. 12 centimeters, or 9. multiple times the standard centimeter unit of estimation. 1. 15. For a given unit, the SI framework utilizes prefixes to acquire units of various sizes. Units for all other potential amounts are gotten by getting them from any of the seven base units. You do this by utilizing the base units in conditions that characterize other physical amounts. 1. 16. A flat out temperature scale is a scale where the most minimal temperature that can be achieved hypothetically is zero. Degrees Celsius and kelvins have units of equivalent and are connected by the equation tC = (TK ? 273. 15 K) x 1 °C 1K 1. 17. The thickness of an article is its mass per unit volume. Since the thickness is normal for a substance, it tends to be useful in recognizing it. Thickness can likewise be valuable in deciding if a substance is unadulterated. It likewise gives a helpful connection among mass and volume. 1. 18. Units ought to be conveyed along in light of the fact that (1) the units for the appropriate responses will turn out in the counts, and (2), on the off chance that you make a mistake in masterminding factors in the computation, this will become clear on the grounds that the last units will be drivel. 1. 19. The appropriate response is c, three noteworthy figures. 1. 20. The appropriate response is a, 4. 43 x 102 mm. 1. 21. The appropriate response is e, 75 mL. 1. 22. The appropriate response is c, 0. 23 mg. Copyright  © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights saved. Section 1: Chemistry and Measurement  ¦ 1. 23. ANSWERS TO CONCEPT EXPLORATIONS a. Initially, check the physical appearance of each example. Check the particles that make up each example for consistency and hardness. Additionally, note any smell. At that point perform on each example a few trials to quantify physical properties, for example, liquefying point, thickness, and dissolvability in water. Think about these outcomes and check whether they coordinate. It is simpler to demonstrate that the mixes were diverse by discovering one physical property that is extraordinary, state distinctive dissolving focuses. To demonstrate the two mixes were the equivalent would require indicating that each physical property was the equivalent. Of the properties recorded partially a, the dissolving point would be generally persuading. It isn't hard to gauge, and it is generally exact. The thickness of a powder isn't as simple to decide as the softening point, and dissolvability isn't dependable enough all alone. No. Since neither one of the solutions arrived at an immersion point, there isn't sufficient data to tell if there was a distinction in conduct. Many white powders break up in water. Their substance organizations are not the equivalent. b. c. d. 1. 24. Section 1 a. b. c. d. e. 3 g + 1. 4 g + 3. 3 g = 7. 7 g = 8 g First, 3 g + 1. 4 g = 4. g = 4 g. At that point, 4 g + 3. 3 g = 7. 3 g = 7 g. Indeed, the appropriate response to a limited extent an is progressively exact. At the point when you adjust transitional advances, you gather little mistakes and your answer isn't as exact. The appropriate response 29 g is right. This answer is wrong. It ought to be 3 x 101 with just a single noteworthy figure in the appropriate response. The understudy presumably applied the standard for expansion (rather than for duplication) after the initial step. The appropriate response 28. 5 g is right. Don’t adjust middle answers. Show the adjust position after each progression by underlining the least critical digit. The determined answer is off base. It ought to be 11 cm3. The appropriate response given has an excessive number of critical figures. There is additionally a little adjust blunder because of utilizing an adjusted an incentive for the thickness. T

“Baglady” Is a British Short Story Written by A. S. Byatt Essays

â€Å"Baglady† Is a British Short Story Written by A. S. Byatt Essays â€Å"Baglady† Is a British Short Story Written by A. S. Byatt Paper â€Å"Baglady† Is a British Short Story Written by A. S. Byatt Paper â€Å"Baglady† is a British short story composed by A. S. Byatt, it was distributed in the assortment â€Å"Elementals† in 1998. The primary character in this story is Daphne Gulver-Robins. Daphne goes with her significant other on an excursion for work to the Far East. The primary explanation she is on the excursion, is for her significant other to have the option to intrigue his chief, by indicating his family side. Daphne would have favored remaining at home dealing with the animals on the ranch, since she realizes that her and different spouses have nothing in common:† Most of different wives are rich, with silk suits and plush legs and dazzlingly trim hair† (9:16) this statement shows that different ladies are advanced to shallow. In their social gathering the outside means the world. Daphne knows about the shallow and shallow condition she is stepping in to. Despite the fact that Daphne isn't left about the outing she despite everything puts forth an attempt to attempt to intrigue different spouses by loosing weight for this particular trip:† She has attempted to make herself appealing for this hike and has shed ten pounds and had her hands manicured† (9:22) Daphne is uncertain and feels mediocre contrasted with different ladies, her weight reduction is a frantic endeavor to fit in, however she winds up being a pariah. They ladies engage themselves by setting off to The Good Fortune mall:† The Good Fortune shopping center looks like a multitude of dormitory or a jail block,†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"(10: 26) The shopping center speaks to the rich piece of the general public and all the mayhem around. This shopping center is made sure about well with the goal that poor people, criminals and unwanted visitor can’t get in. While in the shopping center different ladies abandons Daphne and she winds up meandering around the shopping center without anyone else. Daphne investigates the shopping center however rapidly gets befuddled in light of the fact that everything is by all accounts disorderly and strange. Daphne’s disappointment starts when she understands that her camera is missing, which I would decipher as point off of no arrival. She goes to the washroom to reestablish her make up, and finds that her face resembles a wreck, which is another indications of her dissolving and separating, the entirety of this prompts her being late for the gathering with the driver and different ladies. In her frenzy and franticness to discover an EXIT and escape the shopping center her heel severs one of her shoes and she takes her shoes off, and yet them in her pack. She sees that her Visas and her handbag have vanished too. She no longer has any distinguishing proof and every last bit of her effects are absent as it were her character is missing. She sobs for help, and a cop strolls over to her: â€Å"Help me said Daphne I’m an English woman, I have been looted, I should go home† in this statement it turns out to be evident that Daphne expects the cop to help her since she is rich and British, since she needs distinguishing proof, the police officer will not support her, which reveals to us that in the oriental society you must be a piece of the rich high society all together for help or help. The primary subject in Baglady is character. All through the whole story Daphne is in the condition of transition. She loses her personality in an outside nation which prompts her being bewildered, and even before they show up she feels out of her usual range of familiarity, in view of her different character. The loss of her materialistic belongings prompts her personality misfortune which shows that Daphne originates from a free enterprise society where materialistic things characterize the person. Also, by losing her having a place she goes from being and center/privileged British woman, to a useless Baglady. Another topic could be the conflict between the western and oriental world. The attributes of this story being postmodern are extremely self-evident. The topics which are composing above explains that the content it postmodern and the way that the story has an open completion is additionally a component in postmodern composition.

Considering Thérèse as a Criminal - Literature Essay Samples

Whether Mauriac presents Therese Desqueroux to the reader as a criminal, must provoke the exploration of whether she is responsible, both morally and self-consciously, for her actions in committing that crime. There are instances in the novel, not just associated with Therese, where we see characters who do have control over their actions or at least claim that every action derives from a reason, like Bernard, and those instances where it is implied, and the reader is led to infer, that Therese is lost and ambivalent as to why she attempted to poison Bernard. On the one hand, Therese is surrounded by Bernard, who is conditioned by his setting and class to believing there are rigid ways of living and thinking, and who, because of this, believes everyone should easily explain their actions, and thus Therese should simply confess her reasoning, and live as a criminal. On top of this, Therese is perceived as at times appearing cruel to Bernard, calculating, and fascinated with the poisoning. However, Therese is perhaps presented as pitiable and innocent when she cannot find a reason for her actions, proving herself to be a complicated character amidst simplistic Bourgeois society, in which she is merely subject to a series of random events. Therese could be considered as a criminal due to the contrast other characters make with her concerning the way in which she views self-understanding and autonomy. Bernard, in particular, believes that everything that happens is linked with the person who committed that action, and thus people must have motives. He comments that â€Å"on n’est jamais malheureux que par sa faute† (â€Å"one is never unhappy except by one’s own fault†) when referencing the reason as to why Therese and Bernard married; he believes that because of certain factors, in this case their wealth and pines, means that the resultant action happened. Thus this angles towards the concept that Therese must have a malicious reason for her actions against Therese, rendering her a criminal. Bernard also always acts impulsively and finds a quick cause of action knowing that the reason for his perhaps dubiously moral and antagonistic acts, are always focussed on the interest of maintaining an image, like when he says â€Å"il sait toujours, en toute circonstance, ce qu’il convient de faire dans l’interet de la famille† (â€Å"he always knows, in all circumstances, what should be done in the interest of the family ) after he abuses Anne and locks her away for having a fleeting relationship with Jean Azevedo. Here, we see Bernard, much like Therese, showing hostility, yet knowing a reason for it and thus condoning the perspective of Therese as a criminal since she must have a motive. Interestingly, the existentialist-esque Jean Azevedo supports this concept of ‘explanation for action’ with his philosophy of life which is â€Å"chaque minute doit apporter sa joie† (â€Å"each minute must bring one’s joy†). The fact that Jean does everything which the desired outcome to be joy and happiness for example when he seeks the transient relationship with Anne for pleasure, like how Bernard has it for protection of his family honor, surely condemns Therese even more as a criminal as she struggles to even come up with a reason for her acts. Whereas Jean and Bernard have reasons for their actions in life which might exonerate perhaps immoral or promiscuous behavior, Therese is left with the void of an inability to explain herself. Equally, Therese is portrayed as having a fascination with the concept of poisoning her husband, as well as being presented as a woman of intelligence, with a calculating nature, which could lead towards the idea of a cognitive, measured approach to the poisoning of Bernard. Indeed, when she first sees Bernard accidentally put too many arsenic drops in his water on the day of the forest fire, she then continues to add them for him and describes it as a â€Å"tentation horrible† (â€Å"Horrible temptation†), which presents the reader with a psychopathic sense of addiction and allure which helps present Therese in a bad light as criminal. Mauriac writes that â€Å"lintelligence de Thà ©rà ¨se à ©tait fameuse† (â€Å"the intelligence of Therese was famous†) and Bernard feels threatened that his future wife will be more intelligent than him, and this constructs the depiction of her as being situationally calculating and conceptually curious; perhaps a reaso n for her poisoning? She mocks Bernard, showing a cruelness and an underlying side of hatred in her, when he worries about his health due to the history his family has, â€Å"mais il nest pas malade: on prend seulement des prà ©cautions, à   cause dà ¨s malheurs quil y a eu dans sa famille† (â€Å"but he is not ill: we are only taking precautions because of the illnesses that there were in his family†), and this playing on his hypochondria could mean that she is perceived as being unsympathetic, and worthy of being condemned. Yet, we must not forget that Mauriac depicts Therese as a woman with different objectives in life to those of the people who she is surrounded by and the society within which she lives, and therefore can a woman, out of place, condemned to life of monotony and indifference, be found culpable for the actions which perhaps the condition of her setting and the people she is amongst have forced her to do? Mauriac in his epigraph indicates that Therese is very different to normal humans and the way they approach life, â€Å"Seigneur, ayez pitià ©, ayez pitià © des fous et des folles!† (â€Å"Lord, have mercy, have pity on madmen and fools†) , and this, taken from a Baudelaire poem, highlights a sense of the reader needing to forgive and pity a woman for her actions and not condemn them just because she contests the expectations made of women. Mauriac also references â€Å"Sainte Locuste† (â€Å"Saint Locust†) a woman who was a renowned poisoner in Neroâ€℠¢s court, yet was made a Sainte, highlighting Mauriac’s own sentimentalities that although Therese committed the act of poisoning, she should not be condemned as she did it out of her differences to the community, as she is arguably not socially engineered like when she shows a lack of interest in wanting to build a bond with her baby, and it is her differences that we should celebrate. She implicitly shows these differences to societal form when, towards the end of the novel in Paris, Bernard asks her to confess to the reason as to why she poisoned him since he believes â€Å"naturellement a cause des pins† (â€Å"naturally because of the pines†) in his rigid, customary thought process, and she replies, â€Å"Un homme comme vous, Bernard, connaà ®t toujours toutes les raisons de ses actes† (â€Å"A man like you, Bernard, always knows all the reasons for his actions†) which has the connotation of him blindly conforming to the prescribed precepts, and only Therese can see that this is all the Bourgeois society in Argelouse do. This recognition of the differences and the resultant dissociation strengthens the argument that she could be aquitted as a criminal as she poisoned Bernard as she felt entrapped within a society and a place which she is adverse to. Her description of Bernard as a simplistic man (â€Å"la race implacable des simple s† (â€Å"the relentless race of simple beings†)) further develops our sense that she is distant in character and intelligence, which could lead us to exonerating her as a criminal as we sympathize with her desire to escape the consecrated, life-time incarceration in Argelouse, to the liberty of Paris, as she describes it at the end of the novel, â€Å"la foule des hommes aprà ¨s la foule des arbres† (â€Å"the crowd of men after the crowd of trees†). Indeed the reclusive, restrictive surroundings of Argelouse might help exonerate her from her criminality, since she despises the fact that â€Å"Argelouse est rà ©ellement une extrà ©mità © de la terre† (â€Å"Argelouse really is an extremity of the earth†), and the symbol of the pines come to stand as the bars for her prison. Indeed, when it rains, the droplets resemble â€Å"ses millions de barreaux mouvants† (â€Å"millions of moving bars†), and all her surroundings come to stand for something she wishes to flee from; that brings on her melancholy. Therese falls victim arguably to the representation as a passive agent, subject to a series of random circumstances for which she cannot be blamed, like when on the day of the forest fire, tempers and stress levels are high with Bernard, and â€Å"Elle ne se souvient daucun incident, daucune dispute† (â€Å"She does not remember any incident, any dispute†) as if there was no particular reason for her to start poisoning Bernard, but that it was a series of providential moments out of her control which lead to it. Furthermore, the fact that Therese, on several occasions, attempts to formulate a reason as to why she poisoned Bernard, yet finds nothing tangible or even convincing, perhaps makes her appear more pitiable as a lost figure and thus less villainous as she meant no malice or vindictive outcome. When she is on her way back from the trial and thinks about what she will to say to Bernard, she thinks â€Å"rien a dire pour sa defense† (â€Å"nothing to say for her defense†) as if to reveal the fact she has no motive, thus strangely rendering her innocent. Mauriac presents the crime of poisoning Bernard as almost innate within Therese, when, sitting at a hot lunch, he comments â€Å"l’acte qui†¦Ãƒ ©tait dà ©jà   en elle à   son insu† (â€Å"The act that was already in her without her knowledge†), to convey the feeling that it is an inescapable, irreversible part of her that she has to accept, yet perhaps fails to acknowledge, which leads her to t he conclusion that â€Å"Moi, je ne connais pas mes crimes† (â€Å"Me, I did not understand my crimes†). The fact that Therese committed the poisoning is certain, but the way she is presented to us as a criminal, as to whether she should be pitied or despised, is at times ambiguous. The tone of Mauriac persuades us to acknowledge her as a pitiable figure, who perhaps is more innocent and less of a criminal, who seeks implicitly the idea of redemption, like when she says she might have gone back with Bernard if he had forgiven her. Indeed, we see her manipulative, calculating intelligence at work, and her mockery of her husband, yet we see far more brutal actions from the Bourgeois conformist Bernard, which are arguably more criminal. And thus it is the crux of the argument that Therese is a woman of a different breed to the society she is suffocated by: she has different interests, a higher intellectual ability, and a curiosity to explore unknown paths. I feel it is this that ultimately renders her act as a mistake rather than a crime, as it was due to something innate within her, a des ire to explore, which the others do not possess, yet neither she nor Argelouse recognize as the reason for her acts which is the greater tragedy.

Abraham Lincoln Was Destined For Greatness - 757 Words

From the moment of his birth, on February 12th, 1809 in Sinking Springs, Illinois, Abraham Lincoln was destined for greatness. Through a series of both positive and negative events, his life was greatly influenced and shaped by his particular beliefs that would eventually deliver him to his election to the United States presidency in 1860. Perhaps Lincoln s greatest view on a particular belief was that of the issue of slavery. His father, Thomas Lincoln, moved the family from their home in Kentucky to Indiana due to the competition of slavery in the economic sector and some confusion on land ownership boundaries. No doubt, Abraham Lincoln must have taken in his father s own ideas on anti-slavery as slavery hurt the white man economically. Although, at this time, young Lincoln was not particularly concerned with the morality issue of slavery. Growing up as a young man, Abraham did not have much direct contact with slaves as he lived in the free state of Indiana. However, after helping his parents relocate, on his 22nd birthday, he set out to live his new life away from home. Lincoln soon found a job with one of his friends’ father, taking a flatboat of goods down the Mississippi River to New Orleans to be sold at the market. While en route to New Orleans, Lincoln and his friend were ambushed by a gang of slaves. Lincoln successfully managed to fight off the attackers and keep control of the flatboat. Strangely, this particular incident did not seem to affect Lincoln’sShow MoreRelatedThe Fiery Trial By Eric Foner1135 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fiery Trial by Eric Foner Abraham Lincoln is one of the most influential American Presidents known for his leadership in a revolutionary movement that officially outlawed slavery in the U.S. Eric Foner, the American historian examined the path of Lincoln that eventually led him to a historical achievement. 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Personal Statement The Hospitality Industry - 1394 Words

Introduction The Hospitality Industry has been regarded as one of the â€Å"most fascinating, fun, and stimulating industries in which to work† (Walker, 2016, p. 4). This is evident within special events which are â€Å"recognized as unique moments in time with ceremony and ritual to satisfy specific needs† (Walker, 2016, p. 310). Special events fall into four separate categories: mega events, association, corporate, and social functions. Out of these four separate classifications over 80% of the event market is corporate events which allows for a variety of advancement opportunities within corporate event management (Walker, 2016, p. 311). While this profession is both satisfying and rewarding it has been ranked as one of the most stressful careers†¦show more content†¦Some of a planners daily duties include: â€Å"consulting with clients to determine objectives and requirements for events,† â€Å"coordinate services for events,† â€Å"negotiate contracts wi th service providers,† â€Å"maintain records of event aspects, including financial details† (Event Planner Career, n.d.). Planners are responsible for communicating with clients, colleagues, employees, sponsors, and service providers in an effort to successfully run an event. For each event there are several tasks that must be completed in order to coordinate large functions from conception to completion. 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New Mega-Agreements that Promote the Wrong - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the New Mega-Agreements that Promote the Wrong. Answer: Introduction The president of China, Xi Jinping, took the initiative of the One Belt One Road (OBOR) in 2013. This initiative was taken by the President when he visited to Kazakhstan and Indonesia in 2013 (Lim 2015). There, he announced about the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road initiatives. These two initiatives are known as OBOR. In China, this became an important foreign policy from different aspects. Moreover, this foreign policy helps China to promote economic cooperation with different countries along a road rout. Singapore has a very small boundary. However, the economic condition of this state is very advanced, compare to other countries of the Southeast Asia (Zhang and Xu 2017). The state has tried to adopt different strategic planning. This is because Singapore has understood that they can only survive if they can balance between West and China. The state has identified since the beginning of 1980s that the economy of China will grow significantly. They can understand that this belt, road initiatives (BRI) will bring positive impact n the economy of Singapore. This OBOR initiative has provided various opportunities for Singapore. As a result, Singapore warmly accepts this initiative. The state remains an early and strong supporter of OBOR, from the beginning. One belt One Route helps both countries to increase their international trade with each other. Chinas 30% BRIs are in Singapore. The state can play an important role in three chief areas for OBOR. These are financial connectivity, inf rastructural connectivity and third-party collaboration. The capabilities of Singapore companies to capture this opportunity: Different companies of China are expanding their business in Singapore. However, companies of Singapore can also give complement to those Chinese companies by giving proper market knowledge and track record. This helps both counties to explore various opportunities to collaborate mutually. Infrastructure In Southeast Asia, Singapore is a chief country with a great economical position to be an infrastructural hub. It has large group of companies, which are involved in different dimensions of infrastructural development. The state is also a leading business centre as it has large number of financial institutions and specialists. Those financial institutions and specialists are expert to undertake various projects of infrastructure to structure and finance. Hence, Singapore is well-known and well-placed state to continue a successful relation with BRI of China. Singapore also gets benefits from the OBOR initiative of China. As Singapore has an excellent infrastructure and capability in the logistic industry, it helps its neighbor countries to develop their logistic infrastructure and trading (Yu 2017). Moreover, the OBOR gives advantages to develop infrastructure in Singapore. To capture infrastructural opportunities of OBOR of China, International Enterprise Singapore has signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Chinas local branch of Industrial and Commercial Bank (ICBC). According to this MOU, ICBC will provide financial services and structures of projects to support enterprises of Singapore. To implement these initiatives, ICBC establishes a Singapore team with the turnaround time. This expects to shorten the loans. Connectivity Singapore possesses a well-developed transport network. As the state has some advantage related to its geographical location, Singapore is one of the top transportation hubs in the world for air and sea cargo. Container ports of this country are one of the busiest ports in the world. Changi international Airport of Singapore is linked with around 330 cities of 80 countries. Companies can move fright and services by land, telecommunication and air linkages, all over the world. Currently, this republic has the most powerful network of free trade agreements in Asia. Moreover, Singapore supports OBOR to develop railways, ports and bridges to increase trade and connectivity with Asia and Europe. This economy is going to experience a great infrastructure and planning projects from China. Trade routes will be created as new roads and ports are built around Singapore (Yu 2017). According to the President of China, the Belt and Road initiatives is a difficult plan to connect China with Asia and Europe through land and sea. OBOR has taken initiative to develop ports of Singapore. Hence, with these initiatives, the country has developed its portal system to compete with other countries. However, as different countries are taking OBOR initiatives, there is a great chance to exist other ports. This will negatively affect Singapores ports. Hence, this will adversely affect the trade line of Singapore. Financial Services and trade Singapore is one of the best premier financial centers in the world. It has a strong network of financial institutions with best governance (Kelsey 2017). Moreover, this state is also the home country for a critical mass of international banks. Those international banks have capabilities to finance project. At present, financial transactions of 60% project of ASEAN are led by banks of Singapore. As the state is growing up as an international center of finance, Singapore is the second largest offshore of China, at present. It offshore Chinese Renminbi (RMB) centers of China. Singapore has the ideal position to trade mre RMB products and investment related flows. This OBOR initiative also helps to increase various opportunities for professional services companies in Singapore. Moreover, this initiative helps Singapore to increase and to distribute equity and debt capital to increase investment around the region. Fig 1: Economic Belt of Silk Route Source: (Peng et al. 2016) The possible challengers ahead facing by Singapore companies: The partnership of Singapore with China based on OBOR brings both challenges and opportunities. Competitive Singapore is aware about the opportunities and challenges that the country will face for OBOR. As OBOR builds new trade routes and with different countries, the number of strong competitors of Singapore is increasing. There are various countries that are looking to make a strong transshipment port, sea hub, air hub or financial hub for OBOR. This is because, OBOR promises to construct and develop roads, railways, industrial parks and ports with the trade routes (Johnson 2016). However, the country has self confident on its abilities to take those challenges. The country has already started to invest and expand their airlines and sea port. The capacity of those ports have made double for future. The country has also developed its position of digital hubs to compete with other countries. The republic has developed its science and technology policy. Due to lack of natural resources, this state strongly depends on the trade, education and technology. As political condition is good, it attracts various foreign companies to invest and work in Singapore. It helps this republic to build and develop knowledge hub. It develops strong technologies and sells those, all over the world. In this context, cutting-edge technology is important to discuss. This technology refers technological techniques and devices that employ high-level development. To make the manufacturing sector of Singapore competitive, the government of Singapore will invest in advanced production technologies. This will further encourage companies to develop. Politic risk Singapore is a well-regulated and well-developed country with a good legal system. The corruption level is also very low in this country. The competitive advantage of Singapore is chiefly depending on the Government of Singapore. Moreover, the government of this country is helpful to build international business in this country. Legal laws and political environment in Singapore attracts different foreign investors and multinational companies to expand their business. This stable political condition helps Singapore to develop its economic condition. Well-established macroeconomic policy is another important factor behind the economic success of this island. Its openness to global investment and trade and its efficient regulation encourage private sectors to become more competitive. Exchange rate risks As OBOR is operating trade between two countries, that is, China and Singapore, the exchange rate is very essential. As OBOR is initiating its business, different countries get chances to improve their business. However, exchange rate is an important factor in international trade that creates risk while trading with other countries. Hence, exchange rate is an important factor that can influence OBOR. Financing the projects Singapore can play an important role to help OBOR projects. The country provides various experts planning related to infrastructure. Different companies of Singapore make partnership with Chinese companies to invest in different parts of South-East Asia. However, Singapore is aware about the present competition as OBOR is making new infrastructure around Singapore. Corruption and poor governance Singapore captures the top rank in the world to compete with other countries. This republic has provided basic requirements infrastructure, macroeconomic factors, health and primary education and institutions. The corruption level is very low and the government of Singapore very efficient. Hence, this enhances the level of competition of Singapore. Impact of the maritime lanes Singapore has the leading maritime capital, worldwide. This includes terminal operates, shipping lines, marine insurance and banks, law firms and classification societies. The ship registry of this republic is one of the top 5 largest ship registries, all over the world. With a good business environment, efficient customs and stable government, Singapore is becoming competitive to trade with other countries. It is the maritime hub of Asia regarding law and arbitration. The governments support and assistance Governments and regulatory authorities have played an important role to help industries to evaluate investment opportunities. They also make the easy path for mutual co-operation with China and other economies related to OBOR route. To take the OBOR initiatives, the government of Singapore builds The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) proposes regulatory rules for fintech solutions. This will observe products or services that provide its customers under a structured space. Monitoring financing condition This One Belt, One Road initiatives of China has helped Singapore by providing investment opportunities in infrastructure projects for their companies. According to the International Enterprise Singapore (IE Singapore), the latest MOU brings more than $90 billion to finance for OBOR projects. The financial and professional services of China are expecting to provide a great assistant to those enterprises of Singapore. Those institutions are expecting to earn huge activities and prospects form different companies by financing. In Singapore, the economy is facing a regulated and transparent legal framework. The economy is indicating huge potential of growth. This is expected to incorporate. Singapore is attractive for various multinational companies. Hence, the company is expecting to have more foreign investors in the upcoming years as more and more companies of Singapore is getting benefits from OBOR. Strengthening RMB business hub Under the China-Singapore Free Trade Agreement, these two countries are increasing their financial services. The Peoples Bank of China (PBC) has appointed Singapores ICBC branch as the Renminbi (RMB) clearing bank of Singapore in 2013. Singapore is the largest offshore hub for RMB to trade outside Hong Kong. Singapore and China have agreed to start new initiatives to strengthen cooperation to develop and regulate financial sector. Co-chaired by Singapore Deputy Prime Minister, this agreement has reached at the 10th Joint Council for Bilateral Cooperation. This agreement has coordinated by Minister for Home Affairs and Minister of National Security and Chinas Peoples Republic Vice Premier of the State Council. China will increase its Renminbi Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor Program with on aggregate of RMB 50 billion in Singapore. This will allow qualified investors of Singapore to channel offshore RMB from Singapore to securities market of China. Recommendation: Singapore is getting good advantage through the OBOR initiatives. The country has good infrastructural system and a good communication to promote their business. However, more improvement is needed to increase their business. This is important for Singapore as there are all other countries that are developing their international business through OBOR. Singapore is politically stable economy and this helps foreign investors to invest and build multinational companies. However, the overall political environment should be stable to expand the business in Singapore. As OBOR is operating in this country, Singapore is expecting to increase its commercial and economic activities in future. As OBOR is operating in Singapore, more technological progress is needed. Other countries are also getting benefits through OBOR. They are also technologically efficient. Hence, the basic challenge of Singapore is to remain constantly upgrade and innovate different technologies to get advantages. The country should develop its importance ports so that they can achieve its full capacity to trade with other countries. In north Singapore, the traffic related to trade is expected to pass through ports. However, the number is decreasing significantly compare to all other countries. This spreads a serious problem for that country for its commercial, economical and industrial aspects. It creates constraint to achieve prosperity of the country. Conclusion The One Belt One Route of China helps Singapore to develop its infrastructure and business opportunities. Therefore, the country is developing its transport system to increase its trade with China. Moreover, the country is facing various competitions from different countries as those countries are also growing up their business strategy along the OBOR. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that with the initiatives of OBOR, the country has great advantage to promote their business in future. OBOR helps Singapore to promote its business as the country has already has various innovative technologies, good communication system and a good location. Companies of Singapore have developed various expertises across infrastructure value chain. This includes master planning, engineering decision, operations and procurement. As Chinese companies are expanding their business all over the world, the companies of Singapore can provide complement by giving track record and marketing strategies. This will help both countries to explore various opportunities to benefit both countries mutually. Referencing Johnson, C.K., 2016. President Xi Jinpings Belt and RoadInitiative. Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2. Kelsey, J., 2017. The Risks for ASEAN of New Mega-Agreements that Promote the Wrong Model of e-Commerce. Lim, A.C.H., 2015. Chinas Belt and Road and Southeast Asia: Challenges and prospects. JATI-JOURNAL OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES, 20, pp.3-15. Peng, J., Qiao, J., Leng, Y., Wang, F. and Xue, S., 2016. Distribution and mechanism of the ground fissures in Wei River Basin, the origin of the Silk Road. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(8), p.718. Yu, H., 2017. Infrastructure connectivity and regional economic integration in East Asia: Progress and challenges. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 1(1), pp.44-63. Zhang, L. and Xu, Z., 2017. How Do Cultural and Institutional Distance Affect Chinas OFDI towards the OBOR Countries?. Baltic Journal of European Studies, 7(1), pp.24-42.

Who Is Herbert Simon a Glimpse of a Nobel Peace Prize Winner free essay sample

Who was Herbert Simon? 1 Running Head: WHO WAS HERBERT SIMON? Who was Herbert Simon? A Glimpse of a Nobel Peace Prize Winner Crystal Peru Politics, Policy and Ethics in the Public Sector PAD510 May 30, 2010 Who was Herbert Simon? 2 Abstract This paper investigates and provides factual research on Mr. Herbert Simon and his contributions to the founding of Artificial Intelligence. Herbert A. Simon was one of the founding fathers of artificial intelligence. Simon, who, along with Allen Newell and J. C. Shaw, wrote the first AI program in 1956, received many honors in his lifetime, including the Nobel Prize in Economic Science in 1978. Simon was a true renaissance man. He researched human decision-making and problem-solving processes and the implications of those processes for social institutions. Simons major awards in four areas: psychology, economics, management science and computer science attest to his breadth of interest and expertise. Simons impact in the world is no more apparent than at Carnegie Mellon University, where, arguably, he was the most influential person. We will write a custom essay sample on Who Is Herbert Simon? a Glimpse of a Nobel Peace Prize Winner or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Simon left behind over 60 years of research and theorems. He also left the computer science world with the heuristic compiler, in which he applied theories and techniques from other disciplines. Who was Herbert Simon? 3 Who was Herbert Simon? A Glimpse of a Nobel Peace Prize Winner. Herbert Alexander Simon was born into a Jewish family in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on June 15, 1916. His father, Arthur Simon (1881–1948) was an electrical engineer who had come to the United States from Germany in 1903 after earning his engineering degree from the Technische Hochschule of Darmstadt. Arthur, an inventor, who was granted several dozen patents; he was also an independent patent attorney. Herberts mother, Edna Marguerite Merkel, was an accomplished pianist whose ancestors had come from Prague and Cologne. Herberts European ancestors had been piano makers, goldsmiths, and vintners. Herbert Simon was educated as a child in the public school system in Milwaukee where he developed an interest in science. He found schoolwork to be interesting but rather easy. Unlike many children, Simon was exposed to the idea that human behavior could be studied scientifically at a relatively young age due to the influence of his mother’s younger brother, Harold Merkel, who had studied economics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison under John R. Commons. Through his uncle’s books on economics and psychology, Simon discovered the social sciences. Simon received both his B. A. (1936) and his Ph. D. (1943) in political science, from the University of Chicago, where he studied under Harold Lasswell and Charles Edward Merriam. Among his earliest influences, Simon has cited Richard Ely’s economics textbook, Norman Angell’s The Great Illusion, and Henry George’s Progress and Poverty. In 1933, Simon entered Who was Herbert Simon? 4 the University of Chicago, and following those early influences, he studied the social sciences and mathematics. He was interested in biology, but chose not to study it because of his color-blindness and awkwardness in the laboratory. He chose instead to focus on political science and economics. His most important mentor at the University was Henry Schultz who was an econometrician and mathematical economist. After enrolling in a course on Measuring Municipal Governments, Simon was invited to be a research assistant for Clarence Ridley, with whom he coauthored the book Measuring Municipal Activities in 1948. Eventually his studies led him to the field of organizational decision-making, which would become the subject of his doctoral dissertation. From 1939 to 1942, Simon acted as director of a research group at the University of California, Berkeley. When the group’s grant was exhausted, he took a position in political science at the Illinois Institute of Technology. Back in Chicago, he began participating in the seminars held by the staff of the Cowles Commission who at that time included Trygve Haavelmo, Jacob Marschak, and Tjalling Koopmans. He thus began a more in-depth study of economics in the area of institutionalism. Marschak brought Simon in to assist in the study he was currently undertaking with Sam Schurr of the â€Å"prospective economic effects of atomic energy†. In 1949, Simon became a professor of administrations and chairman of the Department of Industrial Management at Carnegie Tech (later to become Carnegie Mellon University). He continued to teach in various departments at Carnegie Mellon, including psychology and computer science, until his death in 2001. Who was Herbert Simon? From 1950 to 1955, Simon studied mathematical economics and during this time, together with David Hawkins, discovered and proved the Hawkins-Simon theorem on the â€Å"conditions for the existence of positive solution vectors for input-output matrices. He also developed theorems on near-decomposability and aggregation. Having begun to apply these theorems to organizations, Simon determined around 1954 that the best way t o study problem-solving was to simulate it with computer programs, which led to his interest in computer simulation of human cognition. End 1950s he was among the first members of the Society for General Systems Research. Mr. Simon was a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence, creating with Allen Newell the Logic Theory Machine (1956) and the General Problem Solver (GPS) (1957) programs. GPS was possibly the first method of separating problem solving strategy from information about particular problems. Both programs were developed using the Information Processing Language (IPL) (1956) developed by Newell, Cliff Shaw and Simon. Donald Knuth mentions the development of list processing in IPL with the linked list originally called NSS memory for its inventors. In 1957, Simon predicted that computer chess would surpass human chess abilities within 10 years when, in reality, that transition took about 40 years. In the early 1960s Simon wrote a paper responding to a claim by the psychologist Ulric Neisser that machines might be able to replicate cold cognition, e. g. processes like reasoning, planning, perceiving, and deciding, but could not replicate hot cognition, including desiring, feeling pain or pleasure, and having emotions. Simons paper was eventually published in 1967. It was ignored by the AI research community for some years, but later became very influential e. g. indirectly through the work of Sloman and Picard on emotions. Who was Herbert Simon? 6 Simon also collaborated with James G. March on several works in organization theory. With Allen Newell, Simon developed a theory for the simulation of human problem solving behavior using production rules. The study of human problem solving required new kinds of human measurements and, with Anders Ericsson, Simon developed the experimental technique of verbal protocol analysis. Simon was interested in the role of knowledge in expertise. He said that to become an expert required about 10 years of experience and he and colleagues estimated that expertise was the result of learning roughly 50,000 chunks of information. A chess expert was said to have learned about 50,000 chunks or chess position patterns. Simon was also interested in how humans learn and, with Edward Feigenbaum, he developed the EPAM (Elementary Perceiver and Memorizer) theory, one of the first theories of learning to be implemented as a computer program. EPAM was able to explain a large number of phenomena in the field of verbal learning. Later versions of the model were applied to concept formation and the acquisition of expertise. He was awarded the ACMs A. M. Turing Award along with Allen Newell in 1975. In joint scientific efforts extending over twenty years, initially in collaboration with J. C. (Cliff) Shaw at the RAND Corporation, and subsequentially with numerous faculty and student colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University, they have made basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing. Who was Herbert Simon? 7 Herbert Simon has been credited for revolutionary changes in microeconomics. He is responsible for the concept of organizational decision-making as it is known today. He was also the first to discuss this concept in terms of uncertainty; i. e. it is impossible to have perfect and complete information at any given time to make a decision. While this notion was not e ntirely new, Simon is best known for its origination. It was in this area that he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1978. At the Cowles Commission, Simon’s main goal was to link economic theory to mathematics and statistics. His main contributions were to the fields of general equilibrium and econometrics. He was greatly influenced by the marginalist debate that began in the 1930s. The popular work of the time argued that it was not empirically apparent that entrepreneurs needed to follow the marginalist principles of profit-maximization/cost-minimization in running organizations. The argument went on to note that profit-maximization was not accomplished, in part, because of the lack of complete information. In decision-making, Simon believed that agents face uncertainty about the future and costs in acquiring information in the present. These factors limit the extent to which agents can make a fully rational decision, thus they possess only â€Å"bounded rationality† and must make decisions by â€Å"satisfying,† or choosing that which might not be optimal but which will make them happy enough. Simon was known for his research on industrial organization. He determined that the internal organization of firms and the external business decisions thereof did not conform to the Neoclassical theories of â€Å"rational† decision-making. Simon wrote many articles on the topic over the course of his life mainly focusing on the issue of decision-making within the behavior of what he termed â€Å"bounded rationality†. â€Å"Rational behavior, in economics, means that individuals Who was Herbert Simon? 8 maximizes his utility function under the constraints they face (e. g. , their budget constraint, limited choices ) in pursuit of their self-interest. This is reflected in the theory of subjective expected utility. The term bounded rationality is used to designate rational choice that takes into account the cognitive limitations of both knowledge and cognitive capacity. Bounded rationality is a central theme in behavioral economics. It is concerned with the ways in which the actual decision-making process influences decisions. Theories of bounded rationality relax one or more assumptions of standard expected utility theory†. Simon determined that the best way to study these areas was through computer simulation modeling. As such, he developed an interest in computer science. Herbert Simons main interests in computer science were in artificial intelligence, human-computer interaction, principles of the organization of humans and machines as information processing systems, the use of computers to study by modeling) philosophical problems of the nature of intelligence and of epistemology, and the social implications of computer technology. Some of Simons economic research was directed toward understanding technological change in general and the information processing revolution in particular. While living in Pittsburgh, PA, he advised the citizen ry on various issues including the use of public funds to build stadiums and the method of raising tax revenue. Simon emphasized the usefulness of the land tax, reflecting the early influence of Henry George on his economic thought. Who was Herbert Simon? 9 Administrative Behavior was Herbert Simon’s doctoral dissertation and his first book. It served as the foundation for his lifes work. The centerpiece of this book is the behavioral and cognitive processes of making rational human choices, that is, decisions. An operational administrative decision should be correct and efficient, and it must be practical to implement with a set of coordinated means. Any decision involves a choice selected from a number of alternatives, directed toward an organizational goal or subgoal. Realistic options will have real consequences consisting of personnel actions or non-actions modified by environmental facts and values. In actual practice, some of the alternatives may be conscious or unconscious; some of the consequences may be unintended as well as intended; and some of the means and ends may be imperfectly differentiated, incompletely related, or poorly detailed. The task of rational decision making is to select the alternative that results in the more preferred set of all the possible consequences. This task can be divided into three required steps: (1) the identification and listing of all the alternatives; (2) the determination of all the consequences resulting from each of the alternatives; and (3) the comparison of the accuracy and efficiency of each of these sets of consequences. Any given individual or organization attempting to implement this model in a real situation would be unable to comply with the three requirements. It is highly improbable that one could know all the alternatives, or all the consequences that follow each alternative. Who was Herbert Simon? 10 There is: given the inevitable limits on rational decision making, what other techniques or behavioral processes can a person or organization bring to bear to achieve approximately the best result? Simon writes: â€Å"The human being striving for rationality and restricted within the limits of his knowledge has developed some working procedures that partially overcome these difficulties. These procedures consist in assuming that he can isolate from the rest of the world a closed system containing a limited number of variables and a limited range of consequences. † Administrative Behavior, as a text, addresses a wide range of human behaviors, cognitive abilities, management techniques, personnel policies, training goals and procedures, specialized roles, criteria for evaluation of accuracy and efficiency, and all of the ramifications of communication processes. Simon is particularly interested in how these factors directly and indirectly influence the making of decisions. Weaving in and out of the practical functioning of all of these organizational factors are two universal elements of human social behavior that Simon addresses in Chapter VII—The Role of Authority, and in Chapter X—Loyalties, and Organizational Identification. Authority is a well studied, primary mark of organizational behavior, and is straightforwardly defined in the organizational context as the ability and right of an individual of higher rank to determine the decision of an individual of lower rank. The actions, attitudes, and relationships of the dominant and subordinate individuals constitute components of role behavior that can vary widely in form, style, and content, but do not vary in the expectation of obedience by the one of superior status, and willingness to obey from the subordinate. Authority is highly influential on Who was Herbert Simon? 11 the formal structure of the organization, including patterns of communication, sanctions, and rewards, as well as on the establishment of goals, objectives, and values of the organization. Decisions can be complex admixtures of facts and values. Information about facts, especially empirically proven facts or facts derived from specialized experience, are more easily transmitted in the exercise of authority than are the expressions of values. Simon is primarily interested in seeking identification of the individual employee with the organizational goals and values. Following Lasswell he states that â€Å"a person identifies himself with a group when, in making a decision, he evaluates the several alternatives of choice in terms of their consequences for the specified group†. A person may identify himself with any number of social, geographic, economic, racial, religious, familial, educational, gender, political, and sports groups. Indeed, the number and variety are unlimited. The fundamental problem for organizations is to recognize that personal and group identifications can either facilitate or obstruct correct decision making for the organization. A specific organization has to deliberately determine and specify in appropriate detail and clear language its own goals, objectives, means, ends, and values. Chester Barnard pointed out that â€Å"the decisions that an individual makes as a member of an organization are quite distinct from his personal decisions†. Personal choices may determine whether an individual joins a particular organization, and continue to be made in his or her extra–organizational private life. But, as a member of an organization, that individual makes decisions not in relationship to personal needs and results, but in an impersonal sense as part of the organizational intent, purpose, and effect. Organizational inducements, rewards, and sanctions are all designed to form, strengthen, and maintain this identification. Who was Herbert Simon? 12 The correctness of decisions is measured by two major criteria: (1) adequacy of achieving the desired objective; and (2) the efficiency with which the result was obtained. Many members of the organization may focus on adequacy, but the overall administrative management must pay particular attention to the efficiency with which the desired result was obtained. Simons contributions to research in the area of decision-making have become increasingly mainstream in the business community thanks to the growth of management consulting. Conclusion These multiple events and effects have helped to paint a vivid picture of a very brilliant man. Herbert Simon articulated from the perspective of 1960 his vision of what we now call the New Economy the machine-aided system of production and management of the late 20th century. Simons analysis sprang rom what I term the principle of cognitive comparative advantage: one has to understand the quite different cognitive structures of humans and machines (including computers) in order to explain and predict the tasks to which each will be most suited. Perhaps unlike Simons better-known predictions about progress in artificial intelligence research, the predictions of this 1960 article hold up remarkably well and continue to offer important insights. In what follows I attempt to tell a coherent story about th e evolution of machines and the division of labor between humans and machines. Although inspired by Simons 1960 paper, I weave many other strands into the tapestry, from classical discussions of the division of labor to present-day evolutionary psychology. The basic conclusion is that, with growth in the extent of Who was Herbert Simon? 13 the market, we should see humans crowded into tasks that call for the kinds of cognition for which humans have been equipped by biological evolution. These human cognitive abilities range from the exercise of judgment in situations of ambiguity and surprise to more mundane abilities in spatio-temporal perception and locomotion. Conversely, we should see machines crowded into tasks with a well-defined structure. This conclusion is not based (merely) on a claim that machines, including computers, are specialized idiots-savants today because of the limits (whether temporary or permanent) of artificial intelligence; rather, it rests on a claim that, for what are broadly economic reasons, it will continue to make economic sense to create machines that are idiots-savants.

Definition and Examples of Voice in Phonetics

Definition and Examples of Voice in Phonetics In phonetics  and phonology, voice refers to the speech sounds produced by the vocal folds (also known as the vocal cords). Also known as voicing. Voice quality refers to the characteristic features of an individuals voice.Voice range (or vocal range) refers to the range of frequency or pitch used by a speaker. Etymology From the Latin call. Examples and Observations John Laver[O]ur social interaction through speech depends on much more than solely the linguistic nature of the spoken messages exchanged. The voice is the very emblem of the speaker, indelibly woven into the fabric of speech. In this sense, each of our utterances of spoken language carries not only its own message, but through accent, tone of voice and habitual voice quality it is at the same time an audible declaration of our membership [in] particular social and regional groups, of our individual physical and psychological identity, and of our momentary mood. The Speech Mechanism Beverly CollinsThe overwhelming majority of sounds found in human speech are produced by an egressive pulmonic airstream, i.e. an outgoing stream of air produced by the lungs contracting (partially collapsing inwards) and thus pushing the air contained within them outwards. This airstream then passes through the larynx (known familiarly as the Adams apple) and along a tube of the complex shape formed by the mouth and nose (termed the vocal tract). A variety of muscles interact to produce changes in the configuration of the vocal tract so as to allow parts of the speech organs to come into contact (or near contact) with other parts, i.e. to articulate. Phoneticians term these anatomical bits and pieces the articulatorshence the term for the branch of science known as articulatory phonetics...The vocal folds (also called the vocal cords) vibrate very rapidly when an airstream is allowed to pass between them, producing what is termed voicethat is, a sort of buzz which one can hear and f eel in vowels and in some consonant sounds. Voicing Peter RoachIf the vocal folds vibrate we will hear the sound that we call voicing or phonation. There are many different sorts of voicing that we can producethink of the differences in the quality of your voice between singing, shouting, and speaking quietly, or think of the different voices you might use reading a story to young children in which you have to read out what is said by characters such as giants, fairies, mice or ducks; many of the differences are made with the larynx. We can make changes in the vocal folds themselvesthey can, for example, be made longer or shorter, more tense or more relaxed or be more or less strongly pressed together. The pressure of the air below the vocal folds (the subglottal pressure) can also be varied [in intensity, frequency, and quality]. The Difference Between Voiced and Voiceless Sounds Thomas P. KlammerTo feel the difference between voiced and voiceless sounds for yourself, place your fingers on your Adams apple and produce first the sound of /f/. Sustain that sound for a few seconds. Now quickly switch to the sound of /v/. You should be able to feel very clearly the vibration that accompanies the sound of /v/, which is voiced, in contrast to the absence of such vibration with /f/, which is voiceless. Voicing is the result of moving air causing the vocal folds (or vocal cords) to vibrate within the larynx behind the cartilage of the Adams apple. This vibration, your voice, is what you feel and hear when you sustain the sound of /v/. Resources Collins, Beverley, and Inger M. Mees.  Practical Phonetics and Phonology: a Resource Book for Students. 3rd ed., Routledge, 2013.Klammer, Thomas P., et al.  Analyzing English Grammar. Pearson, 2007.Laver, John.  Principles of Phonetics. Cambridge University Press, 1994.Roach, Peter.  English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course. 4th ed., Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Why does ADHD impact on academic perfomance and what can be done to Essay

Why does ADHD impact on academic perfomance and what can be done to support ADHD children in the classroom - Essay Example th proper identification of factors comprising academic disadvantages, classroom based interventions could be designed to assist and support children diagnosed for ADHD. The strengths of the article come in terms of the authors’ ability to present the discourse in a clear, understandable and well-structured format that could be comprehended by the general audience. By defining terms, citing authoritative sources, and arriving at concise findings, readers from various academic backgrounds could appreciate the contents. The authors used clear language and words, where appropriate examples are provided for clarity and expounded explanations, as needed. On the other hand, the only weakness observed from the article was its lack of tables or illustrations that could summarize findings in a more concise and detailed manner. With the article being presented in literary form all throughout, readers would have tendencies lose focus and interest. Otherwise, the general evaluation is exemplary as the authors were able to achieve their identified objective of reviewing the relationship between ADHD and academic performance. More importantly, by providing â€Å"strategies that are directed towards remediating the academic impairment of individuals with ADHD† (Daley & Birchwood, 2010, p. 455), various practitioners are made aware of the interventions available to address concerns on children with ADHD. on academic performance and what can be done to support ADHD children in the classroom? Child: Care, Health and Development , Volume 36, Issue 4, 455-464. Retrieved 29 August 2011, from

Two Visions in The Heart of Darkness by Edward Said Essay

Two Visions in The Heart of Darkness by Edward Said - Essay Example Therefore, in a reflective analysis of the impact of colonialism and imperialism on the colonized nations as well as the visions provided in the novel Heart of Darkness, it becomes lucid that the author makes an important point when he refers to a network of interdependent histories. As Edward Said maintains in his article â€Å"Two Visions in The Heart of Darkness†, the network of interdependent histories provide the best illustration of why the former colonies of the European countries undergo a fundamental crisis in the cotemporary. The situation in these countries is not the result of self-inflicted wounds or the total responsibility of the colonizers. According to the author, â€Å"blaming the Europeans sweepingly for the misfortunes of the present is not much of an alternative. What we need to do is to look at these matters as a network of interdependent histories that it would be inaccurate and senseless to repress, useful and interesting to understand.† (Said, 4 22) A reflective analysis of the famous novel by Conrad, which reflects the imperialist settings of Africa, confirms that there is a network of interdependent histories which resulted in the contemporary situation of the post colonial world. The role of patriotism, chauvinism, ethnic, religious, religious, and racial hatreds in worsening the current situation makes the argument clear. In short, the author makes an essential point when he suggests that a network of interdependent histories have contributed to the contemporary.

The Battle of Britain Essay Example for Free

The Battle of Britain Essay ‘Never the Master, Always the Servant. ’ How Accurate is this Statement in Regard to Wolsey’s Conduct of Foreign Policy 1513-29? â€Å"Had I but served God as diligently as I have served the King, he would not have given me over in my grey hairs. † Cardinal Wolsey c. 1472-1530 Here Wolsey himself professed his obedience to Henry VIII, but historians of the previous century and a half claimed that between 1513 and 1529 foreign policy was governed entirely by Wolsey, some suggesting that Henry gave only perfunctory approval to his decrees. Modern historians dispute this, the king’s aspirations and decisions being of fundamental importance. The matter remains unsettled however, regarding the extent of Wolsey’s influence and manipulation. Contemporaries argued that Wolsey was effectual ruler, â€Å"Alter Rex† during particularly the mid 1520s, his palatial home eclipsing Henry’s in political importance. Wolsey was clearly very cunning; he won Henry’s favour by shrewdly encouraging him to enjoy leisure activities and leave the mundane politicking to him – exploiting the mistakes of his predecessors. Cavendish declares, â€Å"Thus the almoner ruled all those that ruled before him†. However, Wolseys desperation to gain Henry’s esteem is evidence merely of the need for Henry’s approval – as Wolsey clearly appreciated. Henry intervened less in politics before 1529 than he did afterwards, but as Peter Gwyn recognises; this was only due to his sincere satisfaction and comprehension of Wolseys loyalty. From 1512 Wolsey climbed the political ladder very swiftly; utilising the opportunity of the French invasion to exceed Henry’s expectations and impress the king with prizes in Tournai and Therouanne. By mid 1514 Wolsey was receiving all the king’s important business affairs, and exploiting Henry’s need for an authoritative chief servant fully Wolsey admittedly used his persuasion to gain himself numerous offices – Dean of Lincoln, Bishop of Tournai, Bishop of Lincoln and Archbishop of York. Although Warham still held the most senior church office, as Archbishop of Canterbury, Wolsey had won himself Lord Chancellorship by 1518, making him head of the legal system. However Wolseys ascendancy was resultant from Henry’s appreciation of his talents, by the time of the treaty of St. Germaine-en-Laye with France in 1514 Randell recognises Henry’s apparent disinterest with routine diplomacy, â€Å"He was still keen to win glory, but was content for someone else to arrange it for him. † His connections with the Papal authorities brought about suspicion that he had tied England to Roman foreign policy, such as Pollard’s insinuation that Wolsey considered his duty to his spiritual master over that over the king – In 1518 he was appointed ‘Legatus a latere’, a position he was guaranteed for life in 1524. Scarisbrick however discredits Papal loyalty, acknowledging Wolseys disregard for Papal instruction as frequently as it was adhered to. Although England and the papacy had common interests, it was merely coincidental for the Pope’s wishes to be followed, and the king himself had the same attitude to Wolsey towards the pope. Henry wanted to become ‘Defender of the Faith’ and did so, in 1521, and there is more proof that it was he who encouraged Wolsey to pursue the office of Pope than vice versa. As Palmer asserts, â€Å"Wolsey was no more or less a servant of the Papacy than Henry himself. † Wosley required the position of ‘Prince of the Church’ (gained 1515) because he had not won such approval from the Papcy as he had from his royal master. He did not wish to rival Henry’s authority by becoming ‘Prince of the State’ because he was assured of Henry’s support. Although Wolsey bragged of being â€Å"author of the peace† at the Treaty of London in 1518, and despite evidence for him formulating his own policies by 1517; as Gwyn defends – he was winning glory for his master. Scarisbrick recognises Wolseys desire to become arbiter of Europe, but his dependence upon Henry is undeniable. As Randell recognises, Wolsey often hid things from Henry and considered ways in which he could put things to him in order to provoke a desired response, to push contenders away and get away with more than he officially should. Vergil even suggested that Wolsey bribed Henry with gifts to distract him whilst he was making demands and to gain further favour. All these efforts, however, merely emphasize Wolseys dependence upon the king and his desperation to maintain his support. Randell suggests that Wolsey made independent decisions – often trivial but sometimes-major ones, but Henry could and sometimes did intervene. Wolsey always needed to appear to be implementing Henry’s decisions even if it was not always strictly the case. Skelton and Palsgrave, authors of articles in the House of Lords December 1929 attacked Wolseys arrogance and misrule during parliament and regarding matters of foreign policy, alleging he bestowed himself excess authority and wrongfully excluded other councillors from attending court, but evidence suggests that they were pursuing a ruthless campaign to get him dismissed. Although, as Guy points out, up until 1927 â€Å"more than the details were left to Wolsey† Henry was nevertheless broadly responsible throughout all matters of foreign policy. Wolsey may have organised much of the minor details, such as the essential transport arrangements and food supplies during invasions, but it was under Henry’s direction and command. The king would instruct Wolsey and provide details of the task, which Wolsey undeniably fulfilled exceptionally and often made fitting amendments to Henry’s broader schemes. Henry’s certain dominance was clear throughout a number of issues. In 1518 Henry backed the Holy Roman Emperor despite Wolseys disproval and efforts to persuade him oppositely. Scarisbrick identifies disparagement between Henry and Wolsey throughout the events of 1520 and 1521; the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520 was extremely expensive and Wolsey discouraged Henry from spending such vast amounts of money on what he anticipated to be a political fiasco, yet the event went ahead with no expenses spared – regardless of Wolseys advice. In 1521 Wolsey wanted peace in contrast to Henry’s desire for warfare, but Wolsey was made to journey around Europe; negotiating with Charles in Bruges that England and Spain should ally against France, and then returning to Calais. His consolation being that war would be delayed until 1522 – but Henry’s leadership is clear, the attack was still launched and Wolsey left disregarded once more. As Gwyn appreciates, Wolsey realised the importance of bringing honour to his master through dominating affairs – which his desired neutrality would not bring. Wolsey deceived France against his own wishes to preserve Henry’s major international role. In 1525 the Battle of Pavia saw the capture of King Francis and the strengthening of Henrys desire to become Imperial Ruler. Wolsey was then unable to act as an Imperial Arbitrator, Henry VIII wanted an Imperial Alliance and Wolsey was forced to attempt the Amicable Grant for Henry to invade France, but this was impossible and in August the Treaty of the More was signed after the French war. The reversal was extremely embarrassing for Wolsey, who went through humiliation and dispute to please Henry VIII, eventually gaining an annual pension of 100000 gold crowns. Historian Dana Scott Campbell understands Wolsey as being motivated to tread the path necessary to ensure personal advancement and power in England. By satisfying Henry VIII with international glory and prestige his support was ensured; although his power was enhanced by the Papal authorities, Roman influence was limited – his self interest, over all else, forced him to please Henry primarily and the Pope if possible. He acted with more alacrity for Henry, and with more determination, joining the Anti-Imperial League of Cognac in 1526 and declaring war two years later. The Treaty of Cambrai in 1529 was a desperate attempt by Wolsey to retain Henry’s partiality, and was signed by the leaders of England, France and the Holy Roman Empire. Wolsey underwent mortification and infringement of his own desires in order to please his King, both in the matters which he may have seem to control and in those which were quite obviously of Henry’s design. Whether due to arrogance and untamed ambition or merely a desire to satisfy the King – Wolsey routinely aimed to please him in all aspects of foreign policy. Grossel appreciates Wolseys desire to serve the king; convictions in Wolseys vanity are now outdated as Wolsey clearly wanted to maintain the honour and influence of his own position through that of his king. Henry’s absolute dominance is evidenced by the impossibility of Wolsey sustaining esteem as European Arbitrator because of Henry’s belligerence (as well as the treachery of the European Kings). His independent decisions occurred only when permitted, or occasionally unknown, by Henry. Wolseys position was secured for the most part because of Henry’s satisfaction with his conduct – had it not been so (as in later years) Wolsey would have been rapidly dismissed. However, Randell recognises that the evidence for both supporting and admonishing Wolseys loyalty is in the form of letters written only to deceive the recipients, disparate word of mouth and untrustworthy third parties – all of it unreliable.

The Organisational Structure, Culture and Management Style of Sainsbury

The Organisational Structure, Culture and Management Style of Sainsbury A1.How the organisational structure, culture and management style inter-relates in the business and evaluate their impact and that of ICT on the performance of the business. The organisational structure in which Sainsbury’s uses is how Sainsbury’s move the ranks from highest to lowest. For Sainsbury’s to not have levels of different hierarchy then it would not give anybody a rank, which would make the aims of Sainsbury’s not do well in terms of not having someone to be a manager and manage all the staff and make decisions. Without the chain of command workers would be lost and would not know what to do. The way in which the hierarchal structure works for Sainsbury’s is that they have one Manager who looks after all of the operational staff by making the decisions of what they should do and guiding them with any queries or problems. The hierarchal structure in which Sainsbury’s has yet not been put down in terms of not working as they are very good in their selling of products and fails not to impress by being one of the most popular product chains in the UK as well as making a lot of profit on there way to success. The management style in which Sainsbury’s uses is autocratic where as explained before that there is only one manager on the store floor who watches over the other operational staff who are making orders from customers and serving the customers at the tills, also f...